The 2005 - 2010 World AIDS Campaign's goal is to that ensure governments and all other groups that can make a difference in responding to the AIDS epidemic do keep their promises.
In June 2001, 189 Heads of State and government representatives committed to the United Nations Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS - a long list of firm commitments to respond to AIDS that leaders pledged to fulfil. Since then, additional commitments have been made to strengthen the response.
Some promises have been kept, many have not, and the pace of the AIDS epidemic continues to outstrip most efforts to deal with it.
The World AIDS Campaign seeks to unite civil society leadership in order to foster a new level of national, regional and global action and accountability in the response to HIV and AIDS.
The Campaign aims to be nationally-driven and civil society-led and has two broad themes: Stop AIDS. Keep the Promise and Stop AIDS. Make the Promise. Both directly relate to WAC's overall goal of energizing and supporting "an effective and sustained response to the AIDS epidemic".
Under Theme 1, the WAC will act to ensure that governments and organizations keep the promises they have made to effectively respond to AIDS. Theme 2 focuses on encouraging individuals to undertake new personal action to counter the devastation caused by HIV and AIDS.
Theme 1: Stop AIDS. Keep the Promise
The Campaign stresses that four elements are key to ensuring that promises are kept. Its underlying premise is that strengthening these four core elements will ensure that governments and others will be fully capable of delivering on their promises. The Campaign's thematic activities will therefore focus on these elements:
1. More effective national HIV and AIDS responses. The Campaign will support existing national-level efforts and highlight successful country responses, while linking them to broader grassroots-led campaigns. Country campaigns will be shaped around local needs and priorities, will share lessons learned and resources, and will bring the urgency of frontline experiences to bear upon international HIV and AIDS policy and initiatives.
2. An expanded range of HIV and AIDS partnerships. The WAC will help promote and strengthen partnerships at all levels, focusing on local partners who drive local change, as well as vibrant national-level partnerships supported by a broad global alliance. The Campaign will also focus on extending partnerships to a range of organizations with proven leverage abilities and which are new to the WAC process, for example, from the labour, business and faith-based sectors. The WAC will draw on union skills in advocacy, lobbying and campaigning; on businesses strengths in branding, mobilising resources and communicating with the public; and on the enormous potential of faith groups to campaign for change.
3. Strengthened civil society processes. The WAC believes that civil society has a unique role and responsibility in the AIDS response. Civil society groups support and energize national responses by maintaining public and political will, providing constructive criticism and holding policy makers accountable. Civil society groups foster working in partnerships, and the Campaign will particularly emphasize this by drawing in women?s and youth groups, as well as society's most marginalised and vulnerable groups such as sex workers, injecting drug users and men who have sex with men.
4. Adequate financing for the response. As a priority, the WAC will build support for governments and donor organizations to better fund AIDS responses. In doing so it will support efforts to raise more than the US$ 15 billion that experts say are needed annually to mount an effective response to the AIDS epidemic. Specifically, it will support the activities of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and will support efforts towards additional funding for its activities.
Theme 2: Stop AIDS. Make the Promise
Since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic, individual people have played heroic roles in helping and caring for people living with HIV and AIDS. In the early days, while governments and organizations dithered, individuals acted.
The WAC hopes to build on the strengths and contribution of individuals by encouraging more of them to make their own promises to respond to HIV and AIDS at family and community levels.
The Campaign stresses that individuals can make a difference through personal pledges, statements of commitment, and by taking action to reverse the epidemic. Added together, these individual commitments can also make governments realise that all people care about AIDS, want to be part of an effective response to it and are willing to make their own commitments.
Sabtu, 29 November 2008
MITOS SEPUTAR HIV/AIDS
Are mosquito bites a risk of infection with HIV?
HIV is not spread by mosquitoes or other biting insects. Even if the virus enters a mosquito or another sucking or biting insect, it cannot reproduce in insects. Since the insect cannot be infected with HIV, it cannot transmit HIV to the next human it feeds on or bites.
Should I be concerned about being infected with HIV while playing sport?
There is no evidence that HIV can be transmitted while playing a sport.
Can I get HIV from casual contact (shaking hands, hugging, using a toilet, drinking from the same glass as someone who is HIV-infected, or being close to an infected person who is sneezing or coughing)?
HIV is not transmitted by day-to-day contact in social settings, schools or in the workplace. You cannot be infected by shaking someone's hand, by hugging someone, by using the same toilet or drinking from the same glass as an HIV-infected person, or by being exposed to coughing or sneezing by an infected person.
Does HIV only affect homosexuals and drug users?
No. Anyone who has unprotected sex, shares injecting equipment, or has a transfusion with contaminated blood can become infected with HIV. Infants can be infected with HIV from their mothers during pregnancy, during labour or after delivery through breastfeeding.
Ninety per cent of HIV cases are the result of sexual transmission and 60-70% of HIV cases occur among heterosexuals.
Can you tell someone has HIV just by looking at them?
You cannot tell if someone has HIV or AIDS by just looking at them. A person infected with HIV may look healthy and feel good, but they can still pass the virus to you. A blood test is the only way a person can find out if he or she is infected with HIV.
Can I have more than one sexually transmitted infection at a time?
Yes, you can have more than one sexually transmitted infection (STI) at the same time. Each infection requires its own treatment. You cannot become immune to STIs. You can catch the same infection over and over again. Many men and women do not see or feel any early symptoms when they first become infected with an STI, however, they can still infect their sexual partner.
When you are on antiretroviral therapy, can you transmit the virus to others?
Antiretroviral therapy does not prevent an infected person from passing on the virus to others. Therapy can keep viral load down to undetectable levels, but HIV is still present in the body and can be transmitted to others through sexual contact, by sharing injecting equipment, or by mothers breastfeeding their infants.
HIV is not spread by mosquitoes or other biting insects. Even if the virus enters a mosquito or another sucking or biting insect, it cannot reproduce in insects. Since the insect cannot be infected with HIV, it cannot transmit HIV to the next human it feeds on or bites.
Should I be concerned about being infected with HIV while playing sport?
There is no evidence that HIV can be transmitted while playing a sport.
Can I get HIV from casual contact (shaking hands, hugging, using a toilet, drinking from the same glass as someone who is HIV-infected, or being close to an infected person who is sneezing or coughing)?
HIV is not transmitted by day-to-day contact in social settings, schools or in the workplace. You cannot be infected by shaking someone's hand, by hugging someone, by using the same toilet or drinking from the same glass as an HIV-infected person, or by being exposed to coughing or sneezing by an infected person.
Does HIV only affect homosexuals and drug users?
No. Anyone who has unprotected sex, shares injecting equipment, or has a transfusion with contaminated blood can become infected with HIV. Infants can be infected with HIV from their mothers during pregnancy, during labour or after delivery through breastfeeding.
Ninety per cent of HIV cases are the result of sexual transmission and 60-70% of HIV cases occur among heterosexuals.
Can you tell someone has HIV just by looking at them?
You cannot tell if someone has HIV or AIDS by just looking at them. A person infected with HIV may look healthy and feel good, but they can still pass the virus to you. A blood test is the only way a person can find out if he or she is infected with HIV.
Can I have more than one sexually transmitted infection at a time?
Yes, you can have more than one sexually transmitted infection (STI) at the same time. Each infection requires its own treatment. You cannot become immune to STIs. You can catch the same infection over and over again. Many men and women do not see or feel any early symptoms when they first become infected with an STI, however, they can still infect their sexual partner.
When you are on antiretroviral therapy, can you transmit the virus to others?
Antiretroviral therapy does not prevent an infected person from passing on the virus to others. Therapy can keep viral load down to undetectable levels, but HIV is still present in the body and can be transmitted to others through sexual contact, by sharing injecting equipment, or by mothers breastfeeding their infants.
BAGAIMANA PENCEGAHAN HIV/AIDS??
How can HIV infection be prevented?
Sexual transmission of HIV can be prevented by:
* abstinence monogamous relations between uninfected partners
* non-penetrative sex
* consistent and correct use of male or female condoms
Additional ways of avoiding infection:
* If you are an injecting drug user, always use new needles and syringes that are disposable or those that are properly sterilized before reuse
* Ensure that blood and blood products are tested for HIV and that blood safety standards are implemented.
What is 'safer' sex?
No sexual act is 100% safe. Safer sex involves taking precautions that decrease the potential of transmitting or acquiring sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, while having sex. Using condoms correctly and consistently during sex is considered safer sex.
How effective are condoms in preventing HIV?
Quality-assured condoms are the only products currently available to protect against sexual infection by HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). When used properly, condoms are a proven and effective means of preventing HIV infection in women and men.
However, no protective method is 100% effective, and condom use cannot guarantee absolute protection against any STI. In order to achieve the protective effect of condoms, they must be used correctly and consistently. Incorrect use can lead to condom slippage or breakage, thus diminishing their protective effect.
How do you use a male condom?
* Condoms with lubrication are less likely to tear during handling or use. Oil-based lubricants, such as Vaseline, should not be used, as they can damage the condom.
* Only open the package containing the condom when you are ready to use it. Otherwise, the condom will dry out. Be careful not to tear or damage the condom when you open the package. If it does get torn, throw it away and open a new package.
* Condoms come rolled up into a flat circle. Place the rolled-up condom, right side up, on the end of the penis. Hold the tip of the condom between your thumb and first finger to squeeze the air out of the tip. This leaves room for the semen to collect after ejaculation. Keep holding the top of the condom with one hand. With the other hand, unroll the condom all the way down the length of the erect penis to the pubic hair. If the man is uncircumcized, he should first pull back the foreskin before unrolling the condom.
* If the condom is not lubricated enough, a water-based lubricant (such as silicone, glycerin, or K-Y jelly) can be added. Even saliva works well for this. Lubricants made from oil?cooking oil or shortening, mineral or baby oil, petroleum jellies such as Vaseline, and most lotions?should never be used because they can damage the condom.
* After sex, the condom needs to be removed the right way.
* Right after the man ejaculates ('cums'), he must hold onto the condom at the base, to be sure the condom does not slip off.
* Then, the man must pull out while the penis is still erect.
* When the penis is completely withdrawn, remove the condom from the penis and throw away the condom. Do not flush it down the toilet.
* If you are going to have sex again, use a new condom and repeat the whole process.
What is a female condom?
The female condom is the first and only female-controlled contraceptive barrier method. The female condom is a strong, soft, transparent polyurethane sheath inserted in the vagina before sexual intercourse. It entirely lines the vagina and, therefore, with correct and consistent use, provides protection against both pregnancy and STIs. The female condom has no known side-effects or risks and does not require a prescription or the intervention of a health-care provider.
How do you use a female condom?
* Carefully remove the condom from its protective pouch. Add extra lubricant, if desired, to the inner and outer rings of the condom.
* To insert the condom, squat down, sit with your knees apart, or stand with one foot on a stool or low chair. Hold the condom with the open end hanging down. While holding the top ring of the pouch (the closed end of the condom) squeeze the ring between your thumb and middle finger.
* Now place your index finger between your thumb and middle fingers. With your fingers in this position, keep the top of the condom squeezed in a flat oval. Use your other hand to spread the lips of your vagina and insert the closed end of the pouch.
* Once you have inserted the closed end of the pouch, use your index finger to push the pouch the rest of the way up into your vagina. Check to be certain that the top of the pouch is up past your pubic bone, which you can feel by curving your index finger upwards once it is a few inches inside your vagina. You can insert the pouch up to eight hours before your have intercourse.
* Make sure that the condom is not twisted inside your vagina. If it is, remove it, add a drop or two of lubricant, and re-insert. Note: About one inch of the open end of the condom will remain outside your body. If your partner inserts his penis underneath or alongside the pouch, ask him to withdraw immediately. Remove the condom, discard it, and use a new pouch. Until you and your partner become familiar with the female condom, it will be helpful if you use your hand to guide his penis into your vagina.
* After your partner ejaculates and withdraws, squeeze and twist the open end of the pouch to keep the sperm inside. Pull out gently. Dispose of the used condom (but do not throw it down the toilet).
* The re-use of female condoms is not recommended
How can injecting drug users reduce their risk of contracting HIV?
For injecting drug users, certain steps can be taken to reduce personal and public health risks:
* Take drugs orally (changing from injecting to non-injecting drug use).
* Never re-use or share syringes, water or drug-preparation equipment.
* Use a new syringe (obtained from a reliable source, e.g. a chemist or via a needle-exchange programme) to prepare and inject drugs each time.
* When preparing drugs, use sterile water or clean water from a reliable source.
* Using a fresh alcohol swab, clean the injection site prior to injection.
How can mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) be prevented?
Transmission of HIV from an infected mother can occur during pregnancy, during labour or after delivery through breastfeeding. In the absence of any intervention, an estimated 15?30% of mothers with HIV infection will transmit the infection during pregnancy and delivery. Breastfeeding increases the risk of transmission by 10?15%. This risk depends on clinical factors and may vary according to the pattern and duration of breastfeeding.
Mother-to-child transmission can be reduced by the following:
* Treatments: It is clear that short-term antiretroviral preventative treatment is an effective and feasible method of preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV. When combined with infant-feeding counselling and support, and the use of safer infant-feeding methods, it can halve the risk of infant infection. ARV regimens are mainly based on the use of nevirapine or zidovudine. Nevirapine is administered in one dose to the mother at delivery, and in one dose to the child within 72 hours of birth. Zidovudine has been shown to decrease the risk of transmission when administered to the mother during the last six months of pregnancy and intravenously during labour and to the baby for six weeks after birth. Even if zidovudine is administered later in pregnancy, or around the time of delivery, the risk of transmission can be halved. Overall, the efficacy of the various drug regimens is diminished if babies continue to be exposed to HIV through breastfeeding. Antiretroviral drugs should only be taken under medical supervision.
* Caesarian section: A Caesarian section is a surgical procedure whereby the baby is delivered through an incision in the mother's abdominal wall and uterus. Of the babies who are infected through mother-to-child transmission, it is believed that about two-thirds are infected during pregnancy and around the time of delivery. Vaginal deliveries are more likely to increase the risk of mother-to-child transmission, while elective Caesarian sections have been shown to reduce the risk. However, the potential benefits have to be balanced against the risk to the mother.
* Avoiding breastfeeding: The risk of transmission from mother to child is increased when the child is breastfed. Although breast milk is considered the best nutrition for a child, it is recommended that HIV-positive mothers replace breast milk with infant formula to reduce the risk of transmission to the child. However, this is advisable only if it covers the child's nutritional requirements, if it can be prepared under hygienic conditions and if it is affordable for the families.
WHO makes the following recommendations:
When replacement feeding is acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe, avoiding breastfeeding by HIV-infected mothers is recommended. Otherwise, exclusive breastfeeding is recommended during the first months of life and should be discontinued as soon as possible.
What procedures should health-care workers follow to prevent transmission in health-care settings?
Health-care workers should follow Universal Precautions. Universal Precautions are infection-control guidelines, developed to protect health workers and their patients from exposure to diseases spread by blood and certain body fluids.
Universal Precautions include:
* careful handling and disposal of 'sharps'(items that could cause cuts or puncture wounds, including needles, hypodermic needles, scalpel and other blades, knives, infusion sets, saws, broken glass, and nails)
* hand-washing with soap and water before and after all procedures;
* use of protective barriers such as gloves, gowns, aprons, masks and goggles when in direct contact with blood and other body fluids;
* safe disposal of waste contaminated with blood or body fluids;
* proper disinfection of instruments and other contaminated equipment; and
* proper handling of soiled linen.
In addition, it is recommended that all health-care workers take precautions to prevent injuries caused by needles, scalpels and other sharp instruments or devices. In accordance with universal precautions, blood and body fluids from all persons are considered as infected with HIV, regardless of the known or supposed status of the person.
What should you do if you think you have exposed yourself to HIV?
If you think you've been exposed to HIV, you should get counselling and testing for HIV. Precautions should be taken to prevent to spread of HIV to others, in case you are infected with HIV.
INTINYA PENCEGAHAN:
A. ABSTINENCE: Menunda berhubungan seks terutama bagi pasangan yang belum menikah.
B. BE FAITHFUL : Saling setia, dan tidak ganti-ganti pasangan.
C. CONDOM : Gunakan kondom terutama bagi kelompok risiko tinggi.
D. DRUGS : Jangan mengkonsumsi NARKOBA, terutama NARKOBA Suntik.
E. EDUCATION : Carilah informasi seputar HIV/AIDS yang tepat dan adekuat.
Sexual transmission of HIV can be prevented by:
* abstinence monogamous relations between uninfected partners
* non-penetrative sex
* consistent and correct use of male or female condoms
Additional ways of avoiding infection:
* If you are an injecting drug user, always use new needles and syringes that are disposable or those that are properly sterilized before reuse
* Ensure that blood and blood products are tested for HIV and that blood safety standards are implemented.
What is 'safer' sex?
No sexual act is 100% safe. Safer sex involves taking precautions that decrease the potential of transmitting or acquiring sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, while having sex. Using condoms correctly and consistently during sex is considered safer sex.
How effective are condoms in preventing HIV?
Quality-assured condoms are the only products currently available to protect against sexual infection by HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). When used properly, condoms are a proven and effective means of preventing HIV infection in women and men.
However, no protective method is 100% effective, and condom use cannot guarantee absolute protection against any STI. In order to achieve the protective effect of condoms, they must be used correctly and consistently. Incorrect use can lead to condom slippage or breakage, thus diminishing their protective effect.
How do you use a male condom?
* Condoms with lubrication are less likely to tear during handling or use. Oil-based lubricants, such as Vaseline, should not be used, as they can damage the condom.
* Only open the package containing the condom when you are ready to use it. Otherwise, the condom will dry out. Be careful not to tear or damage the condom when you open the package. If it does get torn, throw it away and open a new package.
* Condoms come rolled up into a flat circle. Place the rolled-up condom, right side up, on the end of the penis. Hold the tip of the condom between your thumb and first finger to squeeze the air out of the tip. This leaves room for the semen to collect after ejaculation. Keep holding the top of the condom with one hand. With the other hand, unroll the condom all the way down the length of the erect penis to the pubic hair. If the man is uncircumcized, he should first pull back the foreskin before unrolling the condom.
* If the condom is not lubricated enough, a water-based lubricant (such as silicone, glycerin, or K-Y jelly) can be added. Even saliva works well for this. Lubricants made from oil?cooking oil or shortening, mineral or baby oil, petroleum jellies such as Vaseline, and most lotions?should never be used because they can damage the condom.
* After sex, the condom needs to be removed the right way.
* Right after the man ejaculates ('cums'), he must hold onto the condom at the base, to be sure the condom does not slip off.
* Then, the man must pull out while the penis is still erect.
* When the penis is completely withdrawn, remove the condom from the penis and throw away the condom. Do not flush it down the toilet.
* If you are going to have sex again, use a new condom and repeat the whole process.
What is a female condom?
The female condom is the first and only female-controlled contraceptive barrier method. The female condom is a strong, soft, transparent polyurethane sheath inserted in the vagina before sexual intercourse. It entirely lines the vagina and, therefore, with correct and consistent use, provides protection against both pregnancy and STIs. The female condom has no known side-effects or risks and does not require a prescription or the intervention of a health-care provider.
How do you use a female condom?
* Carefully remove the condom from its protective pouch. Add extra lubricant, if desired, to the inner and outer rings of the condom.
* To insert the condom, squat down, sit with your knees apart, or stand with one foot on a stool or low chair. Hold the condom with the open end hanging down. While holding the top ring of the pouch (the closed end of the condom) squeeze the ring between your thumb and middle finger.
* Now place your index finger between your thumb and middle fingers. With your fingers in this position, keep the top of the condom squeezed in a flat oval. Use your other hand to spread the lips of your vagina and insert the closed end of the pouch.
* Once you have inserted the closed end of the pouch, use your index finger to push the pouch the rest of the way up into your vagina. Check to be certain that the top of the pouch is up past your pubic bone, which you can feel by curving your index finger upwards once it is a few inches inside your vagina. You can insert the pouch up to eight hours before your have intercourse.
* Make sure that the condom is not twisted inside your vagina. If it is, remove it, add a drop or two of lubricant, and re-insert. Note: About one inch of the open end of the condom will remain outside your body. If your partner inserts his penis underneath or alongside the pouch, ask him to withdraw immediately. Remove the condom, discard it, and use a new pouch. Until you and your partner become familiar with the female condom, it will be helpful if you use your hand to guide his penis into your vagina.
* After your partner ejaculates and withdraws, squeeze and twist the open end of the pouch to keep the sperm inside. Pull out gently. Dispose of the used condom (but do not throw it down the toilet).
* The re-use of female condoms is not recommended
How can injecting drug users reduce their risk of contracting HIV?
For injecting drug users, certain steps can be taken to reduce personal and public health risks:
* Take drugs orally (changing from injecting to non-injecting drug use).
* Never re-use or share syringes, water or drug-preparation equipment.
* Use a new syringe (obtained from a reliable source, e.g. a chemist or via a needle-exchange programme) to prepare and inject drugs each time.
* When preparing drugs, use sterile water or clean water from a reliable source.
* Using a fresh alcohol swab, clean the injection site prior to injection.
How can mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) be prevented?
Transmission of HIV from an infected mother can occur during pregnancy, during labour or after delivery through breastfeeding. In the absence of any intervention, an estimated 15?30% of mothers with HIV infection will transmit the infection during pregnancy and delivery. Breastfeeding increases the risk of transmission by 10?15%. This risk depends on clinical factors and may vary according to the pattern and duration of breastfeeding.
Mother-to-child transmission can be reduced by the following:
* Treatments: It is clear that short-term antiretroviral preventative treatment is an effective and feasible method of preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV. When combined with infant-feeding counselling and support, and the use of safer infant-feeding methods, it can halve the risk of infant infection. ARV regimens are mainly based on the use of nevirapine or zidovudine. Nevirapine is administered in one dose to the mother at delivery, and in one dose to the child within 72 hours of birth. Zidovudine has been shown to decrease the risk of transmission when administered to the mother during the last six months of pregnancy and intravenously during labour and to the baby for six weeks after birth. Even if zidovudine is administered later in pregnancy, or around the time of delivery, the risk of transmission can be halved. Overall, the efficacy of the various drug regimens is diminished if babies continue to be exposed to HIV through breastfeeding. Antiretroviral drugs should only be taken under medical supervision.
* Caesarian section: A Caesarian section is a surgical procedure whereby the baby is delivered through an incision in the mother's abdominal wall and uterus. Of the babies who are infected through mother-to-child transmission, it is believed that about two-thirds are infected during pregnancy and around the time of delivery. Vaginal deliveries are more likely to increase the risk of mother-to-child transmission, while elective Caesarian sections have been shown to reduce the risk. However, the potential benefits have to be balanced against the risk to the mother.
* Avoiding breastfeeding: The risk of transmission from mother to child is increased when the child is breastfed. Although breast milk is considered the best nutrition for a child, it is recommended that HIV-positive mothers replace breast milk with infant formula to reduce the risk of transmission to the child. However, this is advisable only if it covers the child's nutritional requirements, if it can be prepared under hygienic conditions and if it is affordable for the families.
WHO makes the following recommendations:
When replacement feeding is acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe, avoiding breastfeeding by HIV-infected mothers is recommended. Otherwise, exclusive breastfeeding is recommended during the first months of life and should be discontinued as soon as possible.
What procedures should health-care workers follow to prevent transmission in health-care settings?
Health-care workers should follow Universal Precautions. Universal Precautions are infection-control guidelines, developed to protect health workers and their patients from exposure to diseases spread by blood and certain body fluids.
Universal Precautions include:
* careful handling and disposal of 'sharps'(items that could cause cuts or puncture wounds, including needles, hypodermic needles, scalpel and other blades, knives, infusion sets, saws, broken glass, and nails)
* hand-washing with soap and water before and after all procedures;
* use of protective barriers such as gloves, gowns, aprons, masks and goggles when in direct contact with blood and other body fluids;
* safe disposal of waste contaminated with blood or body fluids;
* proper disinfection of instruments and other contaminated equipment; and
* proper handling of soiled linen.
In addition, it is recommended that all health-care workers take precautions to prevent injuries caused by needles, scalpels and other sharp instruments or devices. In accordance with universal precautions, blood and body fluids from all persons are considered as infected with HIV, regardless of the known or supposed status of the person.
What should you do if you think you have exposed yourself to HIV?
If you think you've been exposed to HIV, you should get counselling and testing for HIV. Precautions should be taken to prevent to spread of HIV to others, in case you are infected with HIV.
INTINYA PENCEGAHAN:
A. ABSTINENCE: Menunda berhubungan seks terutama bagi pasangan yang belum menikah.
B. BE FAITHFUL : Saling setia, dan tidak ganti-ganti pasangan.
C. CONDOM : Gunakan kondom terutama bagi kelompok risiko tinggi.
D. DRUGS : Jangan mengkonsumsi NARKOBA, terutama NARKOBA Suntik.
E. EDUCATION : Carilah informasi seputar HIV/AIDS yang tepat dan adekuat.
MANIFESTASI KLINIS HIV/AIDS
Perjalanan penyakit infeksi HIV dapat dibagi dalam:
1. Transmisi virus.
2. Infeksi HIV primer (sindrom retroviral akut).
3. Serokonversi.
4. Infeksi kronik asimtomatik.
5. Infeksi kronik simtomatik.
6. AIDS (indikator sesuai dengan CDC 1993 atau jumlah
CD4<200/mm3).
7. Infeksi HIV lanjut ditandai dengan jumlah CD4<50/mm3.
Setelah seseorang terinfeksi HIV, 2-6 minggu kemudian (rata-
rata 2 minggu) terjadilah sindrom retroviral akut. Lebih dari separuh
orang yang terinfeksi HIV akan menunjukkan gejala infeksi primer ini
yang dapat berupa gejala umum (demam, nyeri otot, nyeri sendi, rasa
lemah), kelainan mukokutan (ruam kulit, ulkus di mulut), pembengkakan
kelenjar limfa, gejala neurologi (nyeri kepala, nyeri belakang kepala,
fotofobia, depresi), maupun gangguan saluran cerna (anoreksia, nausea,
diare, jamur di mulut). Gejala ini dapat berlangsung 2-6 minggu dan akan
membaik dengan atau tanpa pengobatan. Setelah 2-6 minggu gejala
menghilang disertai serokonversi. Selanjutnya merupakan fase
asimtomatik, tidak ada gejala, selama rata-rata 8 tahun (5-10 tahun, di
negara berkembang lebih cepat). Sebagian besar pengidap HIV saat ini
berada pada fase ini. Penderita tampak sehat, dapat melakukan aktivitas
normal tetapi dapat menularkan kepada orang lain. Setelah masa tanpa
gejala, memasuki fase simtomatik, akan timbul gejala-gejala pendahuluan
seperti demam, pembesaran kelenjar limfa, yang kemudian diikuti oleh
infeksi oportunistik. Dengan adanya infeksi oportunistik maka perjalanan
penyakit telah memasuki stadium AIDS. Fase simtomatik berlangsung
rata-rata 1,3 tahun yang berakhir dengan kematian.
Setelah terjadi infeksi HIV ada masa di mana pemeriksaan
serologis antibodi HIV masih menunjukkan hasil negatif, sementara virus
sebenarnya telah ada dalam jumlah banyak. Pada masa ini, yang disebut
window period (periode jendela), orang yang telah terinfeksi ini sudah
dapat menularkan kepada orang lain walaupun pemeriksaan antibodi HIV
hasilnya negatif. Periode ini berlangsung selama 3-12 minggu.
Sebenarnya telah ada pemeriksaan laboratorium yang dapat mendeteksi,
yaitu pemeriksaan kadar antigen p24 yang meningkat bermakna. Tetapi
pemeriksaan ini mahal dan masih terbatas yang dapat melaksanakannya.
1. Transmisi virus.
2. Infeksi HIV primer (sindrom retroviral akut).
3. Serokonversi.
4. Infeksi kronik asimtomatik.
5. Infeksi kronik simtomatik.
6. AIDS (indikator sesuai dengan CDC 1993 atau jumlah
CD4<200/mm3).
7. Infeksi HIV lanjut ditandai dengan jumlah CD4<50/mm3.
Setelah seseorang terinfeksi HIV, 2-6 minggu kemudian (rata-
rata 2 minggu) terjadilah sindrom retroviral akut. Lebih dari separuh
orang yang terinfeksi HIV akan menunjukkan gejala infeksi primer ini
yang dapat berupa gejala umum (demam, nyeri otot, nyeri sendi, rasa
lemah), kelainan mukokutan (ruam kulit, ulkus di mulut), pembengkakan
kelenjar limfa, gejala neurologi (nyeri kepala, nyeri belakang kepala,
fotofobia, depresi), maupun gangguan saluran cerna (anoreksia, nausea,
diare, jamur di mulut). Gejala ini dapat berlangsung 2-6 minggu dan akan
membaik dengan atau tanpa pengobatan. Setelah 2-6 minggu gejala
menghilang disertai serokonversi. Selanjutnya merupakan fase
asimtomatik, tidak ada gejala, selama rata-rata 8 tahun (5-10 tahun, di
negara berkembang lebih cepat). Sebagian besar pengidap HIV saat ini
berada pada fase ini. Penderita tampak sehat, dapat melakukan aktivitas
normal tetapi dapat menularkan kepada orang lain. Setelah masa tanpa
gejala, memasuki fase simtomatik, akan timbul gejala-gejala pendahuluan
seperti demam, pembesaran kelenjar limfa, yang kemudian diikuti oleh
infeksi oportunistik. Dengan adanya infeksi oportunistik maka perjalanan
penyakit telah memasuki stadium AIDS. Fase simtomatik berlangsung
rata-rata 1,3 tahun yang berakhir dengan kematian.
Setelah terjadi infeksi HIV ada masa di mana pemeriksaan
serologis antibodi HIV masih menunjukkan hasil negatif, sementara virus
sebenarnya telah ada dalam jumlah banyak. Pada masa ini, yang disebut
window period (periode jendela), orang yang telah terinfeksi ini sudah
dapat menularkan kepada orang lain walaupun pemeriksaan antibodi HIV
hasilnya negatif. Periode ini berlangsung selama 3-12 minggu.
Sebenarnya telah ada pemeriksaan laboratorium yang dapat mendeteksi,
yaitu pemeriksaan kadar antigen p24 yang meningkat bermakna. Tetapi
pemeriksaan ini mahal dan masih terbatas yang dapat melaksanakannya.
PENULARAN HIV/AIDS
Virus HIV dapat diisolasikan dari cairan semen, sekresi
serviks/vagina, limfosit, sel-sel dalam plasma bebas, cairan serebrospinal,
air mata, saliva, air seni dan air susu. Namun tidak berarti semua cairan
tersebut dapat menjalarkan infeksi karena konsentrasi virus dalam cairan-
cairan tersebut sangat bervariasi. Sampai saat ini hanya darah dan air
mani/cairan semen dan sekresi serviks/vagina yang terbukti sebagai
sumber penularan serta ASI yang dapat menularkan HIV dari ibu ke
bayinya. Karena itu HIV dapat tersebar melalui hubungan seks baik homo
maupun heteroseksual, penggunaan jarum yang tercemar pada
penyalahgunaan NAPZA, kecelakaan kerja pada sarana pelayanan
kesehatan misalnya tertusuk jarum atau alat tajam yang tercemar,
transfusi darah, donor organ, tindakan medis invasif, serta in utero,
perinatal dan pemberian ASI dari ibu ke anak. Tidak ada petunjuk/bukti
bahwa HIV dapat menular melalui kontak sosial, alat makan, toilet, kolam
renang, udara ruangan, maupun oleh nyamuk/serangga.
serviks/vagina, limfosit, sel-sel dalam plasma bebas, cairan serebrospinal,
air mata, saliva, air seni dan air susu. Namun tidak berarti semua cairan
tersebut dapat menjalarkan infeksi karena konsentrasi virus dalam cairan-
cairan tersebut sangat bervariasi. Sampai saat ini hanya darah dan air
mani/cairan semen dan sekresi serviks/vagina yang terbukti sebagai
sumber penularan serta ASI yang dapat menularkan HIV dari ibu ke
bayinya. Karena itu HIV dapat tersebar melalui hubungan seks baik homo
maupun heteroseksual, penggunaan jarum yang tercemar pada
penyalahgunaan NAPZA, kecelakaan kerja pada sarana pelayanan
kesehatan misalnya tertusuk jarum atau alat tajam yang tercemar,
transfusi darah, donor organ, tindakan medis invasif, serta in utero,
perinatal dan pemberian ASI dari ibu ke anak. Tidak ada petunjuk/bukti
bahwa HIV dapat menular melalui kontak sosial, alat makan, toilet, kolam
renang, udara ruangan, maupun oleh nyamuk/serangga.
MENGENAL HIV/AIDS
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) merupakan
kumpulan gejala penyakit yang disebabkan oleh Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Seseorang yang terinfeksi virus HIV atau
menderita AIDS sering disebut dengan Odha singkatan dari orang yang
hidup dengan HIV/AIDS. Penderita infeksi HIV dinyatakan sebagai
penderita AIDS ketika menunjukkan gejala atau penyakit tertentu yang
merupakan akibat penurunan daya tahan tubuh yang disebabkan virus
HIV (indikator sesuai dengan definisi AIDS dari Centers for Disease
Control tahun 1993) atau tes darah menunjukkan jumlah CD4 <
200/mm3.
Virus HIV ditemukan oleh Barré-Sinoussi, Montagnier, dan kawan-
kawan pada Institut Pasteur pada tahun 1983 yang menyebabkan
limfadenopati sehingga disebut LAV (Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus).
Tahun 1984, Popovic, Gallo dan kerabat kerjanya menggambarkan
adanya perkembangan sel yang tetap berlangsung dan produktif setelah
diinfeksi oleh virus yang kemudian disebut HTLV-III. Virus ini merupakan virus yang sama dengan LAV. Pada tahun 1986 Komisi Taksonomi
Internasional memberi nama baru Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
Virus HIV merupakan retrovirus yang termasuk golongan virus
RNA (virus yang menggunakan RNA sebagai molekul pembawa informasi
genetik). Disebut retrovirus karena memiliki enzim reverse transcriptase.
Enzim ini memungkinkan virus mengubah informasi genetiknya yang
berada dalam RNA ke dalam bentuk DNA yang kemudian diintegrasikan
ke dalam informasi genetik sel limfosit yang diserang. Dengan demikian
HIV dapat memanfaatkan mekanisme sel limfosit untuk mengkopi dirinya
menjadi virus baru yang memiliki ciri-ciri HIV. HIV menyerang sistem
imun manusia yaitu menyerang limfosit T helper yang memiliki reseptor
CD4 di permukaannya. Limfosit T helper antara lain berfungsi
menghasilkan zat kimia yang berperan sebagai perangsang pertumbuhan
dan pembentukan sel-sel lain dalam sistem imun dan pembentukan
antibodi sehingga yang terganggu bukan hanya fungsi limfosit T tetapi
juga limfosit B, monosit, makrofag dan sebagainya.
kumpulan gejala penyakit yang disebabkan oleh Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Seseorang yang terinfeksi virus HIV atau
menderita AIDS sering disebut dengan Odha singkatan dari orang yang
hidup dengan HIV/AIDS. Penderita infeksi HIV dinyatakan sebagai
penderita AIDS ketika menunjukkan gejala atau penyakit tertentu yang
merupakan akibat penurunan daya tahan tubuh yang disebabkan virus
HIV (indikator sesuai dengan definisi AIDS dari Centers for Disease
Control tahun 1993) atau tes darah menunjukkan jumlah CD4 <
200/mm3.
Virus HIV ditemukan oleh Barré-Sinoussi, Montagnier, dan kawan-
kawan pada Institut Pasteur pada tahun 1983 yang menyebabkan
limfadenopati sehingga disebut LAV (Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus).
Tahun 1984, Popovic, Gallo dan kerabat kerjanya menggambarkan
adanya perkembangan sel yang tetap berlangsung dan produktif setelah
diinfeksi oleh virus yang kemudian disebut HTLV-III. Virus ini merupakan virus yang sama dengan LAV. Pada tahun 1986 Komisi Taksonomi
Internasional memberi nama baru Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
Virus HIV merupakan retrovirus yang termasuk golongan virus
RNA (virus yang menggunakan RNA sebagai molekul pembawa informasi
genetik). Disebut retrovirus karena memiliki enzim reverse transcriptase.
Enzim ini memungkinkan virus mengubah informasi genetiknya yang
berada dalam RNA ke dalam bentuk DNA yang kemudian diintegrasikan
ke dalam informasi genetik sel limfosit yang diserang. Dengan demikian
HIV dapat memanfaatkan mekanisme sel limfosit untuk mengkopi dirinya
menjadi virus baru yang memiliki ciri-ciri HIV. HIV menyerang sistem
imun manusia yaitu menyerang limfosit T helper yang memiliki reseptor
CD4 di permukaannya. Limfosit T helper antara lain berfungsi
menghasilkan zat kimia yang berperan sebagai perangsang pertumbuhan
dan pembentukan sel-sel lain dalam sistem imun dan pembentukan
antibodi sehingga yang terganggu bukan hanya fungsi limfosit T tetapi
juga limfosit B, monosit, makrofag dan sebagainya.
MENGAPA HIV/AIDS MENJADI SOROTAN??
Dewasa ini Indonesia mengalami masalah kesehatan masyarakat
yang sangat kompleks dan menjadi beban ganda dalam pembiayaan
pembangunan bidang kesehatan. Pola penyakit yang diderita oleh
masyarakat sebagian besar adalah penyakit infeksi menular seperti
tuberkulosis paru, infeksi saluran pernafasan akut (ISPA), malaria, diare
dan penyakit kulit. Namun demikian, pada waktu yang bersamaan terjadi
peningkatan penyakit tidak menular seperti penyakit jantung dan
pembuluh darah, serta diabetes mellitus dan kanker. Selain itu Indonesia
juga menghadapi emerging diseases seperti demam berdarah dengue,
HIV/AIDS, chikungunya, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrom (SARS).
Dengan demikian telah terjadi transisi epidemiologi sehingga Indonesia
menghadapi beban ganda pada waktu yang bersamaan (double
burdens).
Mengenai penyakit HIV/AIDS, penyakit ini telah menjadi pandemi
yang mengkhawatirkan masyarakat dunia, karena di samping belum
ditemukan obat dan vaksin untuk pencegahan, penyakit ini juga memiliki
“window periode” dan fase asimtomatik (tanpa gejala) yang relatif
panjang dalam perjalanan penyakitnya. Hal tersebut di atas
menyebabkan pola perkembangannya seperti fenomena gunung es
(iceberg phenomena).
Jumlah kasus HIV/AIDS dari tahun ke tahun di seluruh bagian
dunia terus meningkat meskipun berbagai upaya preventif terus
dilaksanakan. Tidak ada negara yang tidak terkena dampak penyakit ini.
Sub Sahara Afrika masih menjadi wilayah dengan prevalensi HIV
yang tertinggi. Diperkirakan 7,5% di antara orang dewasa di wilayah
tersebut mengidap HIV. Prevalensi HIV di antara wanita hamil usia 15-24
tahun juga tinggi. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa HIV sudah menyebar ke
populasi umum, bukan hanya terkonsentrasi pada kelompok yang
berisiko tinggi saja. Di Asia epidemi HIV masih banyak terkonsentrasi
pada Injecting Drug Users (IDU), laki-laki berhubungan seks dengan
sesamanya, dan penjaja seks (heteroseksual maupun homoseksual)
beserta pelanggan maupun partner seks tetapnya. Di wilayah ini
program preventif yang efektif belum adekuat. Di kebanyakan negara
berpendapatan tinggi, seks antar lelaki berperan penting dalam
penyebaran HIV sedangkan peran IDU bervariasi.
Di beberapa negara, seperti di Cina program pencegahan yang
difokuskan kepada para pekerja seks komersial (PSK) menunjukkan
peningkatan dalam penggunaan kondom dan penurunan dalam infeksi
menular seksual, kemudian program pencegahan dalam penggunaan
jarum suntik bersama (IDU) juga menunjukkan kemajuan dalam
beberapa wilayah. Di Portugal, penderita HIV di antara pengguna jarum
suntik telah menurun hampir sepertiganya (31%) pada tahun 2005
dibandingkan dengan tahun 2001, setelah dilakukan program
pencegahan khusus pada HIV dan penyalahgunaan obat.
Prevalensi HIV/AIDS di Indonesia secara umum memang masih
rendah, tetapi Indonesia telah digolongkan sebagai negara dengan
tingkat epidemi yang terkonsentrasi (concentrated level epidemic) yaitu
adanya prevalensi lebih dari 5% pada sub populasi tertentu misalnya
penjaja seks dan penyalahguna NAPZA (Narkotika, Psikotropika dan Zat
Adiktif lainnya). Tingkat epidemi ini menunjukkan tingkat perilaku berisiko
yang cukup aktif menularkan penyakit di dalam suatu sub populasi
tertentu. Selanjutnya perjalanan epidemi akan ditentukan oleh jumlah
dan sifat hubungan antara kelompok berisiko tinggi dengan populasi
umum.
Kasus AIDS pertama di Indonesia dilaporkan di Bali pada bulan
April 1987 yaitu seorang wisatawan Belanda yang meninggal di RSUP
Sanglah Denpasar. Pada awalnya penyebaran HIV/AIDS di Indonesia
terjadi pada pekerja seks komersial (PSK) beserta pelanggannya dan
kaum homoseksual. Setelah itu mulai terjadi penularan ke ibu-ibu rumah
tangga yang tertular dari pasangannya dan berlanjut ke bayi-bayi yang
lahir dari ibu yang positif HIV.
Problem yang sangat mengancam saat ini adalah efek
penggunaan NAPZA melalui jarum suntik terhadap timbulnya HIV/AIDS.
Di Indonesia, hal ini merupakan sebuah fenomena baru, dideteksi 3–4
tahun terakhir, jika fenomena ini timbul maka akan terjadi second
explossion of HIV/AIDS Epidemic. Di Thailand, pola HIV/AIDS dimulai dari
IDU (penggunaan jarum suntik oleh penyalahguna NAPZA) tapi di
Indonesia pola HIV/AIDS dimulai dari seks, baru beberapa tahun terakhir
pemakaian NAPZA melalui jarum suntik mulai menjadi pola penyebab timbulnya HIV/AIDS. Penularan secara cepat terjadi karena pemakaian
jarum suntik bersama. Para penyalahguna NAPZA suntik ini dapat pula
menulari pasangan seksualnya. Di kalangan pengguna NAPZA suntik,
infeksi HIV berkisar antara 50 sampai 90%. Dengan demikian dewasa ini
masalah infeksi HIV tidak hanya berkaitan erat dengan hubungan seks
yang tidak aman tapi amat erat hubungannya dengan penggunaan
NAPZA suntik. Penggunaan NAPZA suntik biasanya dilakukan dengan cara
tidak terbuka sehingga tidak mudah memperkirakan penggunaan NAPZA
suntik di Indonesia.
Kasus AIDS terbanyak dilaporkan oleh DKI Jakarta disusul Papua.
Namun jumlah kumulatif kasus AIDS per 100.000 penduduk, terbanyak
dilaporkan Provinsi Papua baru disusul DKI Jakarta.
Meluasnya HIV/AIDS akan menimbulkan dampak buruk terhadap
pembangunan nasional secara keseluruhan. Tidak hanya berpengaruh
terhadap bidang kesehatan tetapi juga mempengaruhi bidang sosial
ekonomi. Apalagi penyakit ini paling banyak terjadi pada kelompok usia
produktif. Oleh karena itu Informasi tentang perkembangan kasus
HIV/AIDS perlu terus dilakukan agar didapatkan gambaran besaran
masalah sebagai salah satu pendukung dalam upaya pencegahan
maupun penanggulangan.
yang sangat kompleks dan menjadi beban ganda dalam pembiayaan
pembangunan bidang kesehatan. Pola penyakit yang diderita oleh
masyarakat sebagian besar adalah penyakit infeksi menular seperti
tuberkulosis paru, infeksi saluran pernafasan akut (ISPA), malaria, diare
dan penyakit kulit. Namun demikian, pada waktu yang bersamaan terjadi
peningkatan penyakit tidak menular seperti penyakit jantung dan
pembuluh darah, serta diabetes mellitus dan kanker. Selain itu Indonesia
juga menghadapi emerging diseases seperti demam berdarah dengue,
HIV/AIDS, chikungunya, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrom (SARS).
Dengan demikian telah terjadi transisi epidemiologi sehingga Indonesia
menghadapi beban ganda pada waktu yang bersamaan (double
burdens).
Mengenai penyakit HIV/AIDS, penyakit ini telah menjadi pandemi
yang mengkhawatirkan masyarakat dunia, karena di samping belum
ditemukan obat dan vaksin untuk pencegahan, penyakit ini juga memiliki
“window periode” dan fase asimtomatik (tanpa gejala) yang relatif
panjang dalam perjalanan penyakitnya. Hal tersebut di atas
menyebabkan pola perkembangannya seperti fenomena gunung es
(iceberg phenomena).
Jumlah kasus HIV/AIDS dari tahun ke tahun di seluruh bagian
dunia terus meningkat meskipun berbagai upaya preventif terus
dilaksanakan. Tidak ada negara yang tidak terkena dampak penyakit ini.
Sub Sahara Afrika masih menjadi wilayah dengan prevalensi HIV
yang tertinggi. Diperkirakan 7,5% di antara orang dewasa di wilayah
tersebut mengidap HIV. Prevalensi HIV di antara wanita hamil usia 15-24
tahun juga tinggi. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa HIV sudah menyebar ke
populasi umum, bukan hanya terkonsentrasi pada kelompok yang
berisiko tinggi saja. Di Asia epidemi HIV masih banyak terkonsentrasi
pada Injecting Drug Users (IDU), laki-laki berhubungan seks dengan
sesamanya, dan penjaja seks (heteroseksual maupun homoseksual)
beserta pelanggan maupun partner seks tetapnya. Di wilayah ini
program preventif yang efektif belum adekuat. Di kebanyakan negara
berpendapatan tinggi, seks antar lelaki berperan penting dalam
penyebaran HIV sedangkan peran IDU bervariasi.
Di beberapa negara, seperti di Cina program pencegahan yang
difokuskan kepada para pekerja seks komersial (PSK) menunjukkan
peningkatan dalam penggunaan kondom dan penurunan dalam infeksi
menular seksual, kemudian program pencegahan dalam penggunaan
jarum suntik bersama (IDU) juga menunjukkan kemajuan dalam
beberapa wilayah. Di Portugal, penderita HIV di antara pengguna jarum
suntik telah menurun hampir sepertiganya (31%) pada tahun 2005
dibandingkan dengan tahun 2001, setelah dilakukan program
pencegahan khusus pada HIV dan penyalahgunaan obat.
Prevalensi HIV/AIDS di Indonesia secara umum memang masih
rendah, tetapi Indonesia telah digolongkan sebagai negara dengan
tingkat epidemi yang terkonsentrasi (concentrated level epidemic) yaitu
adanya prevalensi lebih dari 5% pada sub populasi tertentu misalnya
penjaja seks dan penyalahguna NAPZA (Narkotika, Psikotropika dan Zat
Adiktif lainnya). Tingkat epidemi ini menunjukkan tingkat perilaku berisiko
yang cukup aktif menularkan penyakit di dalam suatu sub populasi
tertentu. Selanjutnya perjalanan epidemi akan ditentukan oleh jumlah
dan sifat hubungan antara kelompok berisiko tinggi dengan populasi
umum.
Kasus AIDS pertama di Indonesia dilaporkan di Bali pada bulan
April 1987 yaitu seorang wisatawan Belanda yang meninggal di RSUP
Sanglah Denpasar. Pada awalnya penyebaran HIV/AIDS di Indonesia
terjadi pada pekerja seks komersial (PSK) beserta pelanggannya dan
kaum homoseksual. Setelah itu mulai terjadi penularan ke ibu-ibu rumah
tangga yang tertular dari pasangannya dan berlanjut ke bayi-bayi yang
lahir dari ibu yang positif HIV.
Problem yang sangat mengancam saat ini adalah efek
penggunaan NAPZA melalui jarum suntik terhadap timbulnya HIV/AIDS.
Di Indonesia, hal ini merupakan sebuah fenomena baru, dideteksi 3–4
tahun terakhir, jika fenomena ini timbul maka akan terjadi second
explossion of HIV/AIDS Epidemic. Di Thailand, pola HIV/AIDS dimulai dari
IDU (penggunaan jarum suntik oleh penyalahguna NAPZA) tapi di
Indonesia pola HIV/AIDS dimulai dari seks, baru beberapa tahun terakhir
pemakaian NAPZA melalui jarum suntik mulai menjadi pola penyebab timbulnya HIV/AIDS. Penularan secara cepat terjadi karena pemakaian
jarum suntik bersama. Para penyalahguna NAPZA suntik ini dapat pula
menulari pasangan seksualnya. Di kalangan pengguna NAPZA suntik,
infeksi HIV berkisar antara 50 sampai 90%. Dengan demikian dewasa ini
masalah infeksi HIV tidak hanya berkaitan erat dengan hubungan seks
yang tidak aman tapi amat erat hubungannya dengan penggunaan
NAPZA suntik. Penggunaan NAPZA suntik biasanya dilakukan dengan cara
tidak terbuka sehingga tidak mudah memperkirakan penggunaan NAPZA
suntik di Indonesia.
Kasus AIDS terbanyak dilaporkan oleh DKI Jakarta disusul Papua.
Namun jumlah kumulatif kasus AIDS per 100.000 penduduk, terbanyak
dilaporkan Provinsi Papua baru disusul DKI Jakarta.
Meluasnya HIV/AIDS akan menimbulkan dampak buruk terhadap
pembangunan nasional secara keseluruhan. Tidak hanya berpengaruh
terhadap bidang kesehatan tetapi juga mempengaruhi bidang sosial
ekonomi. Apalagi penyakit ini paling banyak terjadi pada kelompok usia
produktif. Oleh karena itu Informasi tentang perkembangan kasus
HIV/AIDS perlu terus dilakukan agar didapatkan gambaran besaran
masalah sebagai salah satu pendukung dalam upaya pencegahan
maupun penanggulangan.
PERINGATAN HARI AIDS
December 1 is World AIDS Day; a time to celebrate the many lives saved by HIV prevention and treatment programs. It also serves as a reminder that we all must do more—as individuals, communities, and as world citizens—to fight the spread of HIV and AIDS.
Around the world, 33 million people are living with HIV with nearly 7,500 new infections occurring each day. An estimated 3 million people are now receiving antiretroviral treatment in low and middle-income countries.
In the United States, CDC estimates that about 1.1 million people are living with HIV. These numbers will most likely increase over time, as antiretroviral drug treatments extend the lives of those with HIV and more people become HIV infected. As expected, as the number of people living with HIV grows, so does the opportunity for those with HIV to pass on the virus to others.
Wherever your work, or whatever you do, you can join CDC and its partners in supporting World AIDS Day. Your support will help end the HIV/AIDS pandemic.
Around the world, 33 million people are living with HIV with nearly 7,500 new infections occurring each day. An estimated 3 million people are now receiving antiretroviral treatment in low and middle-income countries.
In the United States, CDC estimates that about 1.1 million people are living with HIV. These numbers will most likely increase over time, as antiretroviral drug treatments extend the lives of those with HIV and more people become HIV infected. As expected, as the number of people living with HIV grows, so does the opportunity for those with HIV to pass on the virus to others.
Wherever your work, or whatever you do, you can join CDC and its partners in supporting World AIDS Day. Your support will help end the HIV/AIDS pandemic.
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